Owned-and-operated television stations in the Philippines

In the Philippives, owned-and-operated television stations (frequently abbreviated as O&Os) constitute only a portion of their parent television networks' station bodies, due to ownership limits imposed by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). Currently, the total number of television stations owned by any company (including a television network) can only reach a maximum of 39% of the country; in the past, the ownership limit was much lower, and was determined by a specific number of television stations rather than basing the limits on total market coverage.

Distribution
At the dawn of the Philippine television industry, each company was only allowed to own a total of seven television stations around the country. As such, when the networks launched their television operations, they found it more advantageous to put their seven owned-and-operated stations in large media markets that had more households (and therefore, denser populations) on the belief that it would result in higher revenue. In other markets, they opted to run their programming on stations through contractual arrangements, making them affiliates instead.

The seven-station limit posed a problem for the MBC-TV, the first attempt at a "fourth" television network. Robisco, which had owned DZRH-TV (channel 11) in Metro Manila, owned a share of the network. However, the NTC declared that Robisco controlled MBC and thus forbade the network and the studio from acquiring any more stations. This was one of the factors that led to MBC shutting down on September 21, 1972.

For much of the era from 1972 to 1986, the major network-owned stations were distributed as follows: FBN, GMA and IBC each owned stations in the top three markets (Metro Manila, Cebu City and Davao City). Between 1970s and 1995, fourth-ranked Zamboanga City housed GMA-owned DXLL-TV (channel 3) and PBC/NBS-owned DXLA-TV (channel 9), a station which ABS-CBN had acquired two years earlier through a trade with GMA Network in return for ABS-CBN's television and radio stations. The NTC exchanged the trade in 1970s and ABS-CBN regained control of the Zamboanga television station, which is today known as DXLA-TV. Each network owned stations in other markets where the other networks did not: in addition to Zamboanga, these were GMA's DXDZ-TV (channel 12) in Cagayan de Oro and DXBG-TV (channel 8) in General Santos, FBN's DWKI-TV (channel 10) in Naga, Camarines Sur, and IBC' DYJB-TV (channel 12) in Iloilo.

As a result of a revision to the NTC's media ownership rules in 1999, a company can now own any number of television stations with a combined market reach of less than 39% of the country, but cannot own two of the four highest-rated stations in any market. Still, O&Os in the Philippines are primarily found in large markets such as Metro Manila, Cebu City and Davao City, among others. Despite that, network-owned stations can still be found in smaller markets (for example, DWGD-TV (channel 10) in Dagupan is a GMA O&O, and DYJB-TV (channel 12) in Iloilo is an IBC O&O; DXZB-TV (channel 13) in Zamboanga City, is technically an IBC O&O, but is operated out of the studios of and serves as a semi-satellite of the network's Metro Manila O&O DZTV-TV).